Umhlaba wokwenza ngokwezifiso kanye nokucushwa ezindaweni ze-Linux ubelokhu uheha kakhulu abathanda kanye nabasebenzisi abafuna ukwenza ngokwezifiso ulwazi lwabo ngokugcwele. Esinye sezingxenye ezibalulekile kulo mkhakha yi-GDM (GNOME Display Manager), eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-display manager noma isikrini sokungena ngemvume ezinhlelweni ze-GNOME. Akuyona nje indlela eya kudeskithophu yakho; futhi isibe yindawo yokuhlola ubuhlakani kanye nokusebenza. Futhi ngezilungiselelo ze-GDM, ungenza zonke izinhlobo zezinguquko.
Namuhla, ukwenza ngokwezifiso indawo yokungena ye-GNOME kufinyeleleka kalula ngenxa yamathuluzi afana nezilungiselelo ze-GDM, izinsiza ezisemthethweni, nezinye izinketho zokwenza ngokwezifiso ezihilela ukuhlela amafayela okucushwa nokusebenzisa izikripthi. Nakuba inqubo ingase ibonakale igcinelwe abasebenzisi abathuthukile, ubuningi bezinsiza, izifundo, namathuluzi ezithombe kwenze ukuthi ifinyeleleke kunoma ubani ozimisele ukutshala imizuzu embalwa ekufundeni.
Iyini i-GDM futhi kungani ibaluleke kangaka kuLinux yakho?
I-GDM, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-GNOME Display Manager, iyisixhumi esibonakalayo esiphatha amaseva e-X noma e-Wayland kanye nenqubo yokungena ohlelweni olusekelwe ku-GNOME. Ivumela ukungena ngokubonakalayo kanye nokuphathwa okuguquguqukayo nokuphephile kwabasebenzisi, amaphasiwedi, kanye nezikhathi zomsebenzisi. Lolu hlelo alugcini nje ngokunezela ungqimba lokulula kodwa futhi lusiza ukuhlanganiswa nezinye ubuchwepheshe besistimu (njengokuphathwa komsebenzisi, ukulawula iseshini, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nezinye izidalwa).
I-GDM ingenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokugcwele ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, okusho ukuthi ungayishintsha indlela ebukeka ngayo, ungeze izikripthi ngezikhathi ezibalulekile (ukuqala, ukungena ngemvume ngemuva, njll.), usethe amaseshini okuzenzakalelayo, nokunye okuningi. Ukucushwa kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-desktops afana ne-Ubuntu, i-Fedora, i-Debian, ne-Arch Linux , lapho kuyimenenja yokubonisa ezenzakalelayo.
Amathuluzi ezithombe zokumisa ukungena ngemvume kwe-GNOME
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela izinhlelo zokusebenza zezithombe ezenza kube lula ukwenza ngokwezifiso isikrini sasekhaya se-GNOME . Enye yezinhlelo ezidumile nezibanzi kakhulu yi-GDM Settings, ithuluzi elenza kube nokwenzeka ukushintsha amapharamitha amaningi ngokubukeka nangokuphephile, ngaphandle kokuhlela amafayela esistimu ngesandla.
Yini ongayishintsha ngezilungiselelo ze-GDM?
- Iphephadonga noma umbala wangemuva wokungena ngemvume (kungenzeka ungasebenzi kwezinye izimo, yingakho sizobhala isihloko esizinikezele maduze).
- Itimu ebonakalayo, izithonjana, nekhesa esetshenziswa esikrinini sasekhaya.
- Uhlobo lwefonti, usayizi wefonti, nento yokukala ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufinyeleleka nokubukeka.
- Imibala nesitayela sebha ephezulu, evumela ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso okugcwele.
- Izinketho zegundane nephedi yokuthinta (nika amandla/khubaza, izilungiselelo ezithuthukile).
- Bonisa/fihla uhlu lwabasebenzisi, ilogo, nezinye izinketho zokufinyelela.
- Shintsha noma wenze kusebenze imodi yokukhanya kwasebusuku.
- Lungisa ukuziphatha kwamandla, umsindo, nezinye izici ezithuthukile.
Konke lokhu kumane nje kukuchofoza, futhi ungazilungisa kalula izinguquko uma uhlangabezana nezinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lokusebenza lugcina ubuhle besimanje ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwalo kwe-Python kanye nokusebenzisa umtapo wolwazi we-libadbita , okwenza luhambisane kahle nama-desktop e-GNOME amanje.
Izinketho Zokufaka Izilungiselelo ze-GDM
Ukufakwa kwezilungiselelo ze-GDM kuyehluka kuye ngokusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU/Linux kanye nenguqulo ye-GNOME. Kunezindlela ezahlukene zokufaka ithuluzi futhi ngayinye inama-nuances ayo:
I-Flatpak ne-AppImage amaphakheji
I-Flatpak iyisinqumo esidumile ngoba inikeza ukufakwa okubanzi kanye nezibuyekezo ezilula. Ungathola Izilungiselelo ze-GDM ku-Flathub , yize kungezona zonke izici ezitholakalayo ngenxa ye-sandboxing ye-Flatpak. Izici ezidinga ukufinyelela ezindleleni ezibalulekile zesistimu zingase zingasebenzi kule modi.
Inguqulo ye-AppImage ilungele ukudlula imikhawulo ye-sandbox nokuthola ukufinyelela okugcwele kumafayela esistimu adingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ngokwezifiso ezijulile. Ukuqalisa i-AppImage kuvame ukudinga ukusekelwa kokufaka kwale fomethi (ulwazi olwengeziwe).
Ukufakwa komdabu kusuka kumakhosombe noma i-PPA
- En Ubuntu 24.04 nangaphezulu, iyatholakala kumakhosombe asemthethweni, nakuba lezi ngokuvamile kuyizinguqulo ezindala ezingase zingasekeli izici zakamuva ze-GNOME yakamuva.
- Ngo I-PPA engekho emthethweni, njenge ubuntuhandbook1 - I-sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/gdm-settings && sudo apt update && sudo apt install gdm-settings -, ungafaka izinguqulo ezibuyekeziwe zezilungiselelo ze-GDM, uqinisekise ukuhambisana nezinguqulo zakamuva ze-Ubuntu ne-GNOME.
- En ukusatshalaliswa kokukhishwa okugoqekayo Njenge-Arch Linux, ingafakwa kalula isuka ku-AUR nanoma yimuphi umsizi onjenge-yay noma i-paru, enokukhishwa okuzinzile, kwe-beta, ne-git.
- Kukhona futhi amaphakheji okunye ukusatshalaliswa njenge-Alpine noma ngokumbondelana eGentoo.
Ukufakwa mathupha okuvela emithonjeni
Abasebenzisi abathuthukile bangakwazi ukuhlanganisa inqolobane ye-GitHub yephrojekthi futhi bayihlanganise ngesandla, baqiniseke ukuthi bafaka konke okuncikile kokwakha nesikhathi sokusebenza (meson, ninja, libadwaita, GTK4…).
Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuqapha lapho usebenzisa amathuluzi okwenza ngokwezifiso
Nakuba izilungiselelo ze-GDM zinikeza ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, ukushintsha ukucushwa kwesiphathi sokubonisa kungabangela ukungazinzi kokuqala uma izinguquko ezenziwe zingahambisani nenguqulo ye-GNOME esetshenzisiwe noma uma kunezinkinga zokuhlanganisa izingqikithi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.
Amaphutha anjengokuthi “O cha! Kukhona okungahambanga kahle” abikwe ngemuva kokushintsha imibala noma amaphephadonga kuzilungiselelo ze-GDM . Ngakho-ke, kuhlale kunconywa ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yesistimu yakho, ukubhala phansi amafayela aguquliwe, nokufunda amadokhumenti ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izinguquko.
Ukucushwa okuthuthukisiwe nezilungiselelo zemanuwali zokungena kwe-GNOME
Kulabo abafuna ukulawula okwengeziwe kwe-granular noma abafisa ukulungisa izici ezingamboziwe ngamathuluzi okuqopha , i-GNOME ne-GDM zinikeza amathuba amaningi ngokuhlela amafayela okucushwa, ukusebenzisa izikripthi, kanye nokulungisa izilungiselelo kudathabheyisi ye-dconf/gsettings.
Shintsha isithombe sangemuva nezindikimba ngokuhlela izinsiza
Ukushintsha isithombe sangemuva sokungena ngemvume noma umbala kudinga ukukhipha, ukuhlela, nokuhlanganisa kabusha izinsiza zetimu :
- Ikhiphela itimu yamanje ye-GNOME Shell kusiqondisi ngaphansi kwegama lakho lomsebenzisi usebenzisa imibhalo ekhethekile.
- Kopisha isithombe sangemuva osifunayo kusiqondisi esidaliwe.
- hlela ifayela i-gnome-shell-theme.gresource.xml ukufaka isithombe sakho esisha (noma ukuchaza umbala we-hexadecimal).
- Shintsha amafayela e-CSS (i-gnome-shell-light.css y i-gnome-shell-dark.css), ifaka indlela yesithombe sangemuva esigabeni #lockDialogGroup.
- Hlanganisa ifayela lensiza ngohlelo lokusebenza glib-compile-resources futhi ingena esikhundleni sefayela lokuqala elithi .gresource / usr / share / gnome-Shell (yenza njalo ikhophi eyisipele yeyokuqala).
- Qala kabusha i-GDM noma uphume ukuze ubone izinguquko.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ngemva kokubuyekezwa kwesistimu lezi zinguquko zingase zilahleke futhi kuzodingeka uphinde inqubo.
Izilungiselelo nge-dconf ne-gsettings
I-GDM isebenzisa isizindalwazi sayo se-dconf, esihlukile kwesomsebenzisi ojwayelekile. Ukuze ushintshe izilungiselelo ezifana nelogo, ikhesa, izithonjana, usayizi wombhalo, noma izinketho zokufinyeleleka, kumele:
- Dala amafayela okumisa (amafayela angukhiye) e /etc/dconf/db/gdm.d/ nemingcele oyifunayo.
- Buyekeza isizindalwazi ngokuqalisa dconf update njengezimpande.
- Kungenjalo, ngena ngemvume njengomsebenzisi we-GDM (nge machinectl igobolondo gdm@ /bin/bash noma okufanayo) futhi usebenzise i-dbus-launch gsettings isethiwe ukushintsha amanani okucushwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izibonelo zezilungiselelo ezisheshayo ezine-dconf/gsettings:
- Ilogo yangokwezifiso:logo='/path/to/logo.png'
- Shintsha itimu yekhesa:cursor-theme='timu-igama'
- Yabela itimu yesithonjana:icon-theme='timu-igama'
- Ukukala umbhalo:text-scaling-factor='1.25'
- Thulisa imisindo yokungena:imisindo-yesehlakalo=amanga
- Lungiselela ukuziphatha kwenkinobho yamandla:inkinobho-yamandla-isenzo='akukho lutho|misa okwesikhashana|hibernate'
- Nika amandla ukuthepha ukuze uchofoze kuphedi yokuthinta:thepha ukuze uchofoze=iqiniso
Isetha ukwakheka kolimi nekhibhodi ku-GDM
Ukuze ushintshe ulimi lokungena ngemvume , mane ufake i-gnome-control-center , uyivule, bese esigabeni seSifunda kanye nolimi , khetha inketho yesikrini sokungena ngemvume bese ulungisa izilungiselelo njengoba kudingeka. Uma ufuna kuphela ukushintsha ukwakheka kwekhibhodi esikrinini sokungena ngemvume, qiniseka ukuthi ulungiselela i- variable ye -XKBLAYOUT ku- /etc/vconsole.conf noma usebenzise i-`localectl --no-convert set-x11-keymap` ngesakhiwo sekhibhodi osithandayo.
Ukuzenzakalela nokubhala ekucushweni kwe-GDM
I-GDM isekela izikripthi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezigabeni ezahlukene zenqubo yokungena ngemvume :
- Init: Isebenza uma iseva yegraphical iqala, ngaphambi kokuthi kuvele ukungena ngemvume kwesithombe. Ilungele ukuqalisa amasevisi noma ukuhlela imisebenzi ngaphambi kokufinyelela komsebenzisi.
- ThumelaNgena: Isebenza ngokushesha ngemva kokufakazela ubuqiniso komsebenzisi, kodwa ngaphambi kokungena ngemvume. Iwusizo kakhulu ekulungiseleleni endaweni yomsebenzisi.
- I-PreSession: Yenziwa isebenze ngemva kokuthi kuseshini yomsebenzisi isiqalisiwe, okuvumela izenzo zokugcina ukuthi zenziwe ngaphambi kokuvula ideskithophu.
- I-PostSession: Isebenza uma umsebenzisi ephuma. Kunconywa ukugwema ukusebenzisana neseva ye-X kulesi sigaba, njengoba izobe isimisiwe kakade.
Lezi zikripthi zingenziwa ngezifiso kokubili emhlabeni jikelele kanye nesikrini esithile futhi zihlale zisebenza ngamalungelo ezimpande , ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo kahle ukuze ugweme ukuvimba inqubo yokungena ngemvume.
Ukwenza ngokwezifiso kokungena okuthuthukile nokuphatha: izibonelo eziwusizo
Ukungena ngemvume okuzenzakalelayo ngaphandle kwephasiwedi
Lungiselela ukungena ngemvume okuzenzakalelayo ngokuhlela /etc/gdm/custom.conf :
- Ukuze uthole ukufinyelela okuqondile ngomsebenzisi othile: AutomaticLogin=igama lomsebenzisi
AutomaticLoginEnable=Iqiniso - Uma ukhetha ukufinyelela okuzenzakalelayo ngokubambezeleka:
TimedLoginEnable=iqiniso
TimedLogin=igama lomsebenzisi
I-TimedLoginDelay=5 - Ungachaza iseshini ezenzakalelayo ku /var/lib/AccountsService/users/username, isilungiselelo njengesibonelo XSession=gnome-xorg.
Ukuze ungene ngemvume ngaphandle kwephasiwedi, engeza umsebenzisi wakho eqenjini le -nopasswdlogin bese ulungisa i-/etc/pam.d/ gdm-password ukuze ifake umugqa oqinisekisayo we-pam_succeed_if.so umsebenzisi we-ingroup nopasswdlogin ekuqaleni.
Khubaza noma wenze ngokwezifiso ukuqinisekiswa kwe-biometric
Uma ungafuni ukusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kwezigxivizo zeminwe, ungakukhubaza ku-GDM ngokusebenza njengomsebenzisi we-gdm:
dbus-launch gsettings set org.gnome.login-screen ukunika amandla-fingerprint-ukuqinisekisa amanga
Phatha abasebenzisi ababonakalayo futhi wenze uhlu lokungena ngendlela oyifisayo
Ukuze ufihle abasebenzisi abathile esikrinini sasekhaya, hlela noma dala ifayela elithi /var/lib/AccountsService/users/username bese ufaka:
I-SystemAccount=iqiniso
Ukusekela ukungena ngemvume okukude nokuqapha ukucushwa
Ukufinyelela kude kwesikrini sokungena ngemvume nge-RDP kudinga ukumisa izitifiketi ze-TLS, abasebenzisi, kanye nokuvumela izinsizakalo ezidingekayo ( grdctl , winpr-makecert3 , njll.). Ukungena kude okwamanje kusekela kuphela amaseshini angenamakhanda futhi kungadinga i-TLS eyengeziwe kanye nokucushwa kweziqinisekiso.
Ngokuphathelene nokucushwa kwemonitha, i-GDM isebenzisa ifayela layo le-monitha.xml elitholakala ku- /var/lib/gdm/.config/monitors.xml . Uma ufuna ukuphinda ukucushwa kwemonitha yomsebenzisi wakho, kopisha ifayela lakho kuleyo ndawo futhi/noma udale i- override ye-gdm.service ngesikripthi esisibuyekeza kuyo yonke i-startup.
Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile
- Izinkinga ngabashayeli be-Wayland ne-NVIDIA: I-GDM ingase ingaqali kahle ku-Wayland uma usebenzisa abashayeli bobunikazi be-NVIDIA. Ungaphoqa ukusetshenziswa kwe-Xorg ngokubeka amazwana ku-WaylandEnable=false line /etc/gdm/custom.conf. Ezimeni ezithuthukile, ungakha i-symlink engenalutho ukuze ukhiphe imithetho ye-udev evimba i-Wayland nge-NVIDIA.
- Amaphutha esikrini esimnyama ngemva kwezinguquko noma ukuxhuma/ukunqamula ama-GPU angaphandle: Kwesinye isikhathi ukucushwa kwe-Wayland kubhalwa ngaphezulu ngemibhalo efana /usr/lib/gdm-disable-wayland. Uma i-GDM ima kungazelelwe ukuqala ku-Wayland, susa /run/gdm/custom.conf bese uqala kabusha isevisi.
- I-GDM ayikwazi ukunikwa amandla nge-systemd: Sicela ubhekisele ku-FAQ ye-systemd uma kunezixhumanisi ezingokomfanekiso ezingqubuzanayo.
- Imisindo nokuvala izinqubomgomo: Enza ngendlela oyifisayo i-Polkit ukuze uvumele ukuvala shaqa namaseshini amaningi avuliwe, noma ulungise imisindo yamandla nokuziphatha kusuka kuzilungiselelo ezithuthukile.
- Izinkinga ngemuva kokubuyekezwa kwe-GDM noma ukususwa okungaphelele: Susa abasebenzisi besistimu eyinsalela namaqembu, hlola amafayela ayizintandane, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi azikho izinkomba ezisele njengazo /var/lib/gdm.
Ukulungisa iphutha nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe
Ukuze unike amandla imodi yokulungisa iphutha le-GDM , hlela `/etc/gdm/ custom.conf` bese wengeza `debug/Enable=true` . Qala kabusha i-GDM bese uhlola amalogi ku- `/var/log/messages` noma endaweni efanayo. Lokhu kungakusiza ukuthi ulandelele amaphutha noma ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile ngemva kokwenza ngokwezifiso.
Izilungiselelo ze-GDM nokuhambisana nezinguqulo ezihlukene ze-GNOME
Enye yezinselelo zamanje ukuthi izinguqulo zakamuva ze-GNOME zingaphula ukuhambisana nezinguqulo ezithile zezilungiselelo ze-GDM. Isibonelo, inguqulo 2.0 ibonakala iyinguqulo yokugcina esebenza ngokugcwele ku-Ubuntu 22.04, kuyilapho izinguqulo zakamuva zisebenza kahle kuphela nemitapo yolwazi nezindawo ezibuyekeziwe (i-libadwaita, i-GTK4, njll.). Kuvamile ukuthi izindawo zokugcina zokusabalalisa zingabuyekezwa zibe yinguqulo yakamuva, okuphoqa abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenzise ama-AppImages, ama-PPA, noma ukwakhiwa ngesandla, kuye ngesimo.
Kwezinye izimo (ikakhulukazi ku-Ubuntu), izinguqulo zakamuva ze-Flatpak noma ze-AppImage zingase zingaqalisi ngendlela efanele ngenxa yokungahambisani nenguqulo ye-runtime ye-GNOME, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukufunda amanothi okukhululwa nezixwayiso zokukhululwa ngakunye ngaphambi kokufaka.
Ingabe kufanelekile ukusebenzisa Izilungiselelo ze-GDM esikhundleni sokuhlela mathupha?
Inzuzo enkulu yezilungiselelo ze-GDM ukuthi kulula ukuyisebenzisa kanye nokuhlanganisa izinketho eziningi zokwenza ngokwezifiso ku-interface eyodwa . Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlela ngesandla nokusebenzisa imiyalo, uhlelo lokusebenza lunciphisa ingozi yamaphutha, lunikeza ulwazi oluvumelaniswe kahle nedeskithophu yesimanje, futhi likuvumela ukuthi uzame (ngokuqapha) ngaphambi kokuzibophezela ezinguqukweni ezihlala njalo.
Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukuqaphela amathuba okulungiselela mathupha, ikakhulukazi ukulungisa kahle imininingwane ethile, ukugeleza komsebenzi okuzenzakalelayo ngombhalo, noma ukubuyisela izinguquko ngemva kwesibuyekezo esihlulekile.