I-Linux kanye nokuqinisekiswa kweminyaka eCalifornia kuzogcina kungasabi yinkinga enkulu yokusatshalaliswa kwesofthiwe yamahhala. Isishayamthetho saseCalifornia sidlulise isichibiyelo esikhulula izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwamalayisense avumela ukukopishwa, ukusatshalaliswa kabusha, kanye nokuguqulwa kwesofthiwe ezibophweni zomthetho wayo wokuqinisekisa ubudala ophikisanayo.
Lesi sinqumo sinikeza impumuzo ebalulekile kumaphrojekthi afana ne-Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Arch Linux, kanye nezinye izinhlelo ezivulekile, okwakungathintwa kuze kube manje yimithethonqubo eyenzelwe kakhulu amapulatifomu amakhulu obuchwepheshe. Umthetho wokuqala wawuzodinga abathengisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza ukuthi baqoqe ulwazi lobudala bomsebenzisi futhi banikeze isignali yokuqinisekisa ubudala kuzinhlelo zokusebenza, okuyisidingo esiyinkinga kakhulu kumaphrojekthi ahlukaniswe ngokwezigaba agcinwa yimiphakathi noma izisebenzi zokuzithandela.
I-California ivuma ukukhululwa kwe-Linux kanye nesofthiwe yamahhala
Lolu shintsho luza ngeBill AB 1856 , echaza kabusha umqondo womthengisi wesistimu yokusebenza ngaphakathi koMthetho Wokuqinisekisa Iminyaka Yedijithali. Amagama amasha awabandakanyi abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezisabalalisa uhlelo lokusebenza ngaphansi kwemigomo yelayisensi evumela umamukeli ukuthi akopishe, asabalalise kabusha, noma ashintshe isofthiwe.
Empeleni, lokhu kuvikela ingxenye enkulu ye-Linux ecosystem kanye nesofthiwe yamahhala. Ukusatshalaliswa okufana ne-Debian, i-Fedora, i-Ubuntu, kanye ne-Arch Linux kuzokhululwa esibophweni, njengoba nezinhlelo ezahlukene ze-BSD ezisatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwamalayisense ahlangabezana nezidingo ezisungulwe yigama elisha.
Lesi sinyathelo simelela ushintsho olukhulu esimweni esadalwa ngumthetho wokuqala. Lapho iCalifornia idlulisa uMthetho Wokuqinisekisa Iminyaka Yedijithali, kwavela imibuzo ngokushesha mayelana nokuthi amaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile angahambisana kanjani nesibopho esenzelwe izinkampani ezinama-akhawunti abasebenzisi aphakathi nendawo kanye nengqalasizinda yezentengiselwano ngemuva kwazo.
Umthetho wokuqala ungadinga ukuthi kuqoqwe iminyaka yomsebenzisi.
UMthetho Wokuqinisekisa Iminyaka Yedijithali, owawuyi-AB 1043, usungula uhlelo lokubonisa iminyaka olwenzelwe ukuvumela izinhlelo zokusebenza namasevisi ukuthi zinqume ububanzi beminyaka yomsebenzisi. Lo mthetho ubeka ingxenye ebalulekile yalo mthwalo wemfanelo kubahlinzeki bezinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nezitolo zezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Uhlelo ludinga ukuqoqa ulwazi lobudala ngesikhathi sokusethwa kwedivayisi kokuqala kanye nokunikeza isignali ehambisana nenye yezigaba zobudala ezimisiwe uma kuceliwe yisicelo. Umthetho uhlelelwe ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2027.
Ezinkampanini ezifana ne-Apple, i-Microsoft, noma i-Google, lo modeli ungathembela kuma-akhawunti azo, ezitolo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nengqalasizinda ephakathi. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa isidingo esifanayo kuphrojekthi efana ne-Debian noma i-Arch Linux kube nezinkinga ezihluke ngokuphelele.
Inkinga enkulu kwakuwukuhlukaniswa kwe-Linux
Ukusatshalaliswa okuningi kwe-Linux akusebenzi njengemikhiqizo yendabuko yezentengiselwano. Akudingeki ukuthi kube nenkampani elawula konke ukufakwa, i-akhawunti eyimpoqo yawo wonke umsebenzisi, noma ingqalasizinda ephakathi ekwazi ukuqinisekisa ubudala balabo abalanda futhi bafake uhlelo.
Lokhu kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukunquma ukuthi ubani owayenesibopho sokugcwalisa izibopho zomthetho. Kwamanye amaphrojekthi, isofthiwe ithuthukiswa futhi isatshalaliswe yimiphakathi yamazwe ngamazwe yamavolontiya, kuyilapho izithombe zingakopishwa, zilungiswe, futhi zisatshalaliswe kabusha ngabantu besithathu.
Umqondo wokufuna lezi zinhlobo zamaphrojekthi ukuthi adale uhlelo lokuqinisekisa ubudala udale ukukhathazeka okukhulu emphakathini wesofthiwe yamahhala. Inkinga yayingeyona nje eyobuchwepheshe kuphela, kodwa futhi yayiyezomnotho neyomthetho: ukugcina uhlelo olunjalo kungadinga ingqalasizinda, ukucutshungulwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu, kanye nezinsizakusebenza amaphrojekthi amaningi omphakathi angenazo.
Ukukhululwa kuvikela amalayisense avumela ukukopishwa nokuguqulwa
Umbhalo ovunyiwe usungula izimo zokusatshalaliswa kwesofthiwe njengento eyisisekelo. Uma ilayisensi ivumela ukukopishwa, ukusatshalaliswa kabusha, kanye nokuguqulwa kwesistimu, umsabalalisi wayo uwela ngaphandle kwencazelo efanayo esetshenziswa yimithethonqubo.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa izici ezibalulekile zamalayisense amaningi asetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesofthiwe yamahhala neyomthombo ovulekile. Ngakho-ke lolu shintsho aluzuzisi nje kuphela ukusatshalaliswa okuthile, kodwa futhi luzuzisa imodeli yonke yokuthuthukiswa esekelwe ekhonweni lokufunda, ukuguqula, nokusabalalisa kabusha isofthiwe.
Lesi sinqumo sivimbela amaphrojekthi ukuthi asebenzise izinhlelo zokuqoqwa kwedatha ezihlanganisiwe ukuze ahambisane nomthetho waseCalifornia kuphela. Siphinde sinciphise amathuba okuthi umthetho owenzelwe ukuvikela izingane ungagcina ubeke umthwalo omkhulu kubathuthukisi abangenabo ubudlelwano obuqondile bezentengiselwano nomsebenzisi ngamunye.
Isimo mayelana nokuncika kanye nokwandiswa nakho kuyacaciswa.
Isichibiyelo esivunyiwe asigcini nje ngezinhlelo zokusebenza. Umbhalo omusha uphinde ucacise izici ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nokusatshalaliswa kwezingxenye zesofthiwe.
Amalabhulali kanye nokuncika okusatshalaliswa ngabaphathi bephakheji njenge-APT noma i-Pacman akusafakiwe encazelweni yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinikezwa njengezinhlelo zokusebenza ezizimele ngesitolo esimbozwe yimithethonqubo.
Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-Linux, lapho inani elikhulu lesofthiwe lisatshalaliswa khona ngqo ngama-repository kanye nabaphathi bamaphakheji. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kucaciswa, ingxenye ngayinye ingaba umthombo omusha wokungabaza mayelana nezibopho zomthetho zabathuthukisi bayo.
Izitolo ezisabalalisa izandiso ezihloselwe ukusebenza ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza lomsingathi nazo zingaphandle kobubanzi bezibopho ezithile zomthetho.
Lo mthetho uphinde ulungise ezinye izinkinga ngomthetho wokuqala.
Isichibiyelo saseCalifornia sethula ezinye izinguquko ezihloselwe ukubhekana nezinkinga ezithile ezitholwe kumagama okuqala. Esinye salezi sisusa incazelo yomsebenzisi engaholela ekuchazeni okuyinkinga kakhulu kokuthi ubani okufanele abhekwe njengomntwana ohlelweni.
Lo mthetho uhlanganisa nokuvikelwa kwamapulatifomu kanye nabathuthukisi abenza ngokwethembeka lapho inkomba yobudala ingalungile. Lolu hlobo lokuhlinzekwa lungabalulekile ngoba izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ubudala kanye nokulinganisa azinaphutha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagama amasha anciphisa amathuba okucela isignali yokuqinisekisa ubudala kumhlinzeki wesistimu yokusebenza noma esitolo sezinhlelo zokusebenza uma kungadingeki ngokusobala ngumthetho. Inhloso ukuvimbela le ndlela ukuthi ingasetshenziswa njengesiteshi esengeziwe sokuqoqa ulwazi lomsebenzisi ngezinye izinjongo.
I-SteamOS ingase ibe sendaweni engwevu
Ukukhululwa okusha kuxazulula ukungabaza okuningi okuphathelene nokusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux yendabuko, kodwa kusenezinye izimo ezingacacile. Enye yezithakazelisa kakhulu yi-SteamOS.
Uhlelo lwe-Valve lwakhiwe phezu kwezingxenye zomthombo ovulekile futhi lusebenzisa isisekelo esihlobene ne-Arch Linux, kodwa lusatshalaliswa kanye nesofthiwe eyimfihlo futhi luhlobene kakhulu ne-Steam, ipulatifomu yezentengiselwano enengqalasizinda ephakathi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kungaba nomehluko osemthethweni phakathi kokusatshalaliswa okuvulekile ngokuphelele nomkhiqizo osekelwe ku-Linux ohlanganisa izingxenye zamahhala nezinsizakalo ezizimele kanye nesofthiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kokugcina kokukhululwa kulezi zinhlelo kungancika ekutheni iziphathimandla zihumusha kanjani imodeli ethile yokusatshalaliswa.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-hybrid nakho kungaphakamisa imibuzo
Esinye isici esingaba khona sokungaqiniseki sithinta izinhlelo ezihlanganisa isofthiwe yamahhala nezingxenye ezizimele. Ukusabalalisa okuningi kufaka phakathi i-firmware, abashayeli, noma ama-blob angasatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo nesistimu yonke.
Umthetho omusha uvikela ngokusobala labo abasabalalisa isofthiwe ngaphansi kwamalayisense avumela ukukopishwa, ukusatshalaliswa kabusha, kanye nokuguqulwa, kodwa isimo singaba nzima kakhulu uma isithombe sokufakwa sihlanganisa izinto ezinemibandela yelayisensi ehlukene.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi konke ukusatshalaliswa okuhlanganisiwe kuzolawulwa ngumthetho. Kodwa-ke, la macala angadinga ukuchazwa okuqondile ngokusekelwe endleleni eqondile umkhiqizo osatshalaliswa ngayo nokuthi yiliphi ibhizinisi elibhekwa njengomhlinzeki walo ngokusemthethweni.
Ukusabela komphakathi kwakubalulekile
Ingcindezi evela emphakathini wesofthiwe yamahhala idlale indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwalolu daba. Umthelela ongaba khona womthetho wokuqala wavezwa ngokushesha ngabathuthukisi nezinhlangano ezizinikele ekuvikeleni amalungelo edijithali.
Ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwakuwukuthi isibopho esinjalo sizovuna amapulatifomu amakhulu akwazi ukwamukela izindleko zengqalasizinda edingekayo, kuyilapho amaphrojekthi amancane, ahlukaniswe ngokwezigaba angashiywa esimweni esinzima kakhulu ukuwaphatha.
Ngaleyo ndlela, isichibiyelo saseCalifornia siqaphela umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwenkampani elawula uhlelo lokusebenza kanye nomphakathi oshicilela isofthiwe noma ubani angayikopisha, ayiguqule, futhi ayisakaze kabusha.
Ukukhululwa akuxazululi inkinga ngaphandle kweCalifornia
Nakuba lesi sinqumo simele ukunqoba okukhulu kwe-Linux kanye nesofthiwe yamahhala, isimo asikaxazululwa emhlabeni wonke. Izifundazwe namazwe ahlukahlukene athuthukisa imithetho yawo ephathelene nokuqinisekiswa kweminyaka kanye nokuvikelwa kwezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka ku-inthanethi.
Ukukhululwa ngaphansi komthetho waseCalifornia akusebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo kwezinye izindawo. Iphrojekthi yesofthiwe yamahhala ingavikelwa esibophweni esithile eCalifornia ngenkathi ibhekene nezidingo ezahlukene kwezinye izimakethe.
Lokhu kuphoqa abathuthukisi bamaphrojekthi aphesheya ukuba baqaphe eduze intuthuko yemithetho. Uhlobo lomhlaba wonke lwesofthiwe yamahhala lungangqubuzana nesimo lapho izwe noma umbuso ngamunye usungula izindlela ezahlukene zokuqinisekisa, ukucubungula idatha, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo.
I-Linux igwema umthwalo obewungashintsha imodeli yayo yokusabalalisa
Ukuvunyelwa kokukhululwa kugwema esinye sezimo ezibangele ukukhathazeka okukhulu emphakathini. Ukube ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux bekudingeka ukuze kuqoqwe iminyaka yabasebenzisi babo njengemibandela yokuthobela umthetho waseCalifornia, amaphrojekthi amaningi ngabe aphoqelekile ukwethula izindlela ezingavamile ngokuphelele kumodeli yawo yendabuko.
Ukudalwa kwama-akhawunti ayimpoqo, ukugcinwa kolwazi oluhlobene nobudala, noma ukufakwa kwezinsizakalo ezihlanganisiwe bekuyosho ushintsho olukhulu kumaphrojekthi akhelwe ngaphakathi kanye nekhono lokulanda nokuguqula isofthiwe ngokukhululeka.
Ukuchitshiyelwa komthetho ekugcineni kuyawuqaphela lo mehluko futhi kusungula okuhlukile okusekelwe ngqo ezinkundleni zomthetho eziyisisekelo zamalayisense avulekile. Ngokusatshalaliswa okukhulu kwe-Linux, isinqumo simelela impumuzo enkulu ngaphambi kokuba uMthetho Wokuqinisekisa Iminyaka Yedijithali uqale ukusebenza.
Ukunqoba okukhulu kwesofthiwe yamahhala
Ukukhululwa okuvunyelwe yiCalifornia akususi impikiswano ngokuqinisekiswa kweminyaka futhi akuxazululi ukungezwani phakathi kobumfihlo, ukuvikelwa kwezingane, kanye nomthetho wedijithali. Kodwa-ke, kuvimbela umthetho owenzelwe ikakhulukazi amapulatifomu amakhulu ekubekeni izibopho ezinzima kumaphrojekthi omphakathi avulekile.
Ku-Linux, ushintsho luyivumela ukuthi igcine imodeli yokusabalalisa echaze uhlelo lwe-ecosystem amashumi eminyaka. I-Debian, i-Fedora, i-Ubuntu, i-Arch Linux, namanye amaphrojekthi ngeke kudingeke aguquke abe amapulatifomu okuqoqwa kwedatha ahlanganisiwe ukuze ahambisane nomthetho, ngokwamagama awo okuqala, ongazange uhlukanise ngokwanele phakathi kwenkampani enkulu yezobuchwepheshe kanye nomphakathi womhlaba wonke wabathuthukisi.
Ngokudlula kwe-AB 1856, i-Linux kanye nokuqinisekiswa kweminyaka eCalifornia akusameleli, okungenani kokusatshalaliswa okuningi komthombo ovulekile, ingxabano yokulawula eyayikhona. Umthetho usadinga ukuqedela inqubo yawo esemthethweni yomthetho, kodwa isichibiyelo sesivele simele ukunqoba okubalulekile kwesofthiwe yamahhala kanye nomqondo wokuthi ukulawulwa kobuchwepheshe kumele kucabangele umehluko phakathi kwezinsizakalo ezinkulu zezentengiselwano kanye namaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile ahlukaniswe ngokwezigaba.